
Few female R&B stars enjoyed the kind of consistent acclaim
Etta James received throughout a career that spanned six decades;
the celebrated producer Jerry Wexler once called her "the greatest
of all modern blues singers," and she recorded a number of enduring
hits, including "At Last," "Tell Mama," "I'd Rather Go Blind," and
"All I Could Do Was Cry." At the same time, despite possessing one
of the most powerful voices in music, James only belatedly gained
the attention of the mainstream audience, appearing rarely on the
pop charts despite scoring 30 R&B hits, and she lived a
rough-and-tumble life that could have inspired a dozen soap operas,
battling drug addiction and bad relationships while outrunning a
variety of health and legal problems. Etta James was born Jamesetta
Hawkins in Los Angeles, California on January 25, 1938; her mother
was just 14 years old at the time, and she never knew her father,
though she would later say she had reason to believe he was the
well-known pool hustler Minnesota Fats. James was raised by friends
and relatives instead of her mother through most of her childhood,
and it was while she was living with her grandparents that she
began regularly attending a Baptist church. James' voice made her a
natural for the choir, and despite her young age she became a
soloist with the group, and appeared with them on local radio
broadcasts. At the age of 12, after the death of her foster mother,
James found herself living with her mother in San Francisco, and
with little adult supervision, she began to slide into juvenile
delinquency. But James' love of music was also growing stronger,
and with a pair of friends she formed a singing group called the
Creolettes. The girls attracted the attention of famed bandleader
Johnny Otis, and when he heard their song "Roll with Me Henry" -- a
racy answer song to Hank Ballard's infamous "Work with Me Annie" --
he arranged for them to sign with Modern Records, and the
Creolettes cut the tune under the name the Peaches (the new handle
coming from Etta's longtime nickname). "Roll with Me Henry,"
renamed "The Wallflower," became a hit in 1955, though Georgia
Gibbs would score a bigger success with her cover version, much to
Etta's dismay. After charting with a second R&B hit, "Good
Rockin' Daddy," the Peaches broke up and James stepped out on her
own. James' solo career was a slow starter, and she spent several
years cutting low-selling singles for Modern and touring small
clubs until 1960, when Leonard Chess signed her to a new record
deal. James would record for Chess Records and its subsidiary
labels Argo and Checker into the late '70s and, working with
producers Ralph Bass and Harvey Fuqua, she embraced a style that
fused the passion of R&B with the polish of jazz, and scored a
number of hits for the label, including "All I Could Do Was Cry,"
"My Dearest Darling," and "Trust in Me." While James was enjoying a
career resurgence, her personal life was not faring as well; she
began experimenting with drugs as a teenager, and by the time she
was 21 she was a heroin addict, and as the '60s wore on she found
it increasingly difficult to balance her habit with her career,
especially as she clashed with her producers at Chess, fought to be
paid her royalties, and dealt with a number of abusive romantic
relationships. James' career went into a slump in the mid-'60s, but
in 1967 she began recording with producer Rick Hall at FAME Studios
in Muscle Shoals, Alabama and, adopting a tougher, grittier style,
she bounced back onto the R&B charts with the tunes "Tell Mama"
and "I'd Rather Go Blind." In the early '70s, James had fallen off
the charts again, her addiction was raging, and she turned to petty
crime to support her habit. She entered rehab on a court order in
1973, the same year she recorded a rock-oriented album, Only a
Fool, with producer Gabriel Mekler. Through most of the '70s, a
sober James got by touring small clubs and playing occasional blues
festivals, and she recorded for Chess with limited success, despite
the high quality of her work. In 1978, longtime fans the Rolling
Stones paid homage to James by inviting her to open some shows for
them on tour, and she signed with Warner Bros., cutting the album
Deep in the Night with producer Jerry Wexler. While the album
didn't sell well, it received enthusiastic reviews and reminded
serious blues and R&B fans that James was still a force to be
reckoned with. By her own account, James fell back into drug
addiction after becoming involved with a man with a habit, and she
went back to playing club dates when and where she could until she
kicked again thanks to a stay at the Betty Ford Center in 1988.
That same year, James signed with Island Records and cut a powerful
comeback album, Seven Year Itch, produced by Barry Beckett of the
Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section. The album sold respectably and James
was determined to keep her career on track, playing frequent live
shows and recording regularly, issuing Stickin' to My Guns in 1990
and The Right Time in 1992. In 1994, a year after she was inducted
into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, James signed to the Private
Music label, and recorded Mystery Lady: Songs of Billie Holiday, a
tribute to the great vocalist she had long cited as a key
influence; the album earned Etta her first Grammy Award. The
relationship with Private Music proved simpatico, and between 1995
and 2003 James cut eight albums for the label, while also
maintaining a busy touring schedule. In 2003, James published an
autobiography, Rage to Survive: The Etta James Story, and in 2008
she was played onscreen by modern R&B diva Beyoncé Knowles in
Cadillac Records, a film loosely based on the history of Chess
Records. Knowles recorded a faithful cover of "At Last" for the
film's soundtrack, and later performed the song at Barack Obama's
2009 inaugural ball; several days later, James made headlines when
during a concert she said "I can't stand Beyoncé, she had no
business up there singing my song that I've been singing forever."
(Later the same week, James told The New York Times that the
statement was meant to be a joke -- "I didn't really mean
anything...even as a little child, I've always had that comedian
kind of attitude" -- but she was saddened that she hadn't been
invited to perform the song.) In 2010, James was hospitalized with
MRSA-related infections, and it was revealed that she had received
treatment for dependence on painkillers and was diagnosed with
Alzheimer's disease, which her son claimed was the likely cause of
her outbursts regarding Knowles. James released The Dreamer, for
Verve Forecast in 2011. She claimed it was her final album of new
material. Etta James was diagnosed with terminal leukemia later
that year, and died on January 20, 2012 in Riverside, California at
the age of 73. ~ Mark Deming